DNA TECHNOLOGİES
DNA technology has revolutionized modern science. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), or an organism's genetic material—inherited from one generation to the next—holds many clues that have unlocked some of the mysteries behind human behavior, disease, evolution, and aging. As technological advances lead to a better understanding of DNA, new DNA-based technologies will emerge. Recent advances in DNA technology including cloning, PCR, recombinant DNA technology, DNA fingerprinting, gene therapy, DNA microarray technology, and DNA profiling have already begun to shape medicine, forensic sciences, environmental sciences, and national security.
In 1956, the structure and composition of DNA was elucidated and confirmed previous studies more than a decade earlier demonstrating DNA is the genetic material that is passed down from one generation to the next. A novel tool called PCR (polymerase chain reaction) was developed not long after DNA was descovered. PCR represents one of the most significant discoveries or inventions in DNA technology and it lead to a 1993 Nobel Prize award for American born Kary Mullis (1949–).
PCR is the amplification of a specific sequence of DNA so that it can be analyzed by scientists. Amplification is important, particularly when it is necessary to analyze a small sequence of DNA in quantities that are large enough to perform other molecular analyses such as DNA sequencing. Not long after PCR technology was developed, genetic engineering of DNA through recombinant DNA technology quickly became possible. Recombinant DNA is DNA that has been altered using bacterial derived enzymes called restriction endonucleases that act like scissors to cut DNA. The pattern that is cut can be matched to a pattern cut by the same enzymes from a different DNA sequence. The sticky ends that are created bind to each other and a DNA sequence can therefore be inserted into another DNA sequence.
Restriction endonucleases are also important in genetic fingerprinting. In this case, enzymes that recognize specific DNA sequences can produce fragments of DNA by cutting different parts of a long strand of DNA. If there are differences in the sequence due to inherited variation—meaning that there are extra DNA or specific sequences altered such that the restriction enzymes no longer recognize the site, variable patterns can be produced. If these patterns are used to compare two different people, they will have a different fragment pattern or fingerprint. Genetic fingerprinting can be used to test for paternity. In forensics, genetic fingerprinting can be used to identify a criminal based on whether their unique DNA sequence matches to DNA extracted from a crime scene. This technology can also allow researchers to produce genetic maps of chromosomes based on these restriction enzyme fingerprints. Becasue there are many different enzymes, many different fingerprints can be ascertained.

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DNA TEST FOR HEALTH

DNA Test Leaders Providing Accurate Results Since 1987
DNA testing industry leader since 1987, we provide accurate, convenient, affordable, confidential DNA testing and the highest level of service. Genelex offers a range of genetic testing services including:
Paternity Testing One of a handful of DNA paternity testing laboratories in the world with dual clinical laboratory and parentage testing accreditation, Genelex provides the broadest range of paternity DNA tests available anywhere including home DNA tests, prenatal paternity testing, immigration DNA testing, kinship analysis, and grandpaternity testing. Our DNA paternity tests have been used to help resolve cases involving major crimes, child support and custody, immigration, and inheritance.
Pharmacogenetic Testing. Genelex was among the first DNA laboratories in the world to offer prescription drug reaction profiles that provide clinically relevant drug-drug and drug-gene interaction information that can help physicians reduce the incidence of adverse drug reactions, a serious medical problem. Currently offered tests look at your genetic ability to create the most important enzymes in your liver that process medication. More than half of patients have at least one defect in these systems which process almost one-half of the most commonly prescribed medicines.
Ancestry Testing - Our Common Male Ancestor Test and Common Female Ancestor Test include a summary of what scientists have learned about the geographical origin and age of your maternal and paternal lines based on your DNA test results. Our Native American verification DNA testing can confirm if you are of Native American descent.
Visit Our Learning Center - A resource for educators and legal and medical professionals, our learning center contains the book, "DNA in the Courtroom" recently updated for the web. It also contains slide shows, scientific papers, and reports on genetic testing.
Medical Professional's Pages - These pages describe Genelex's services in detail. Our medical professional's pages also include drug metabolism charts and extensive background information.

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